WaveSense uses ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technology to create a map of each road’s unique subsurface signatures, from which self-driving cars can navigate. Vehicles using the WaveSense map are unaffected by common but challenging road conditions like snow, heavy rain, fog, or poor lane markings. Because WaveSense's solution is independent of dynamic environments above the road, even in clear conditions it can improve overall navigation by orders of magnitude when combined with existing sensor suites.